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Asm Metals Handbook Vol 14 El![]() New Views of an Old Problem. ABSTRACTAbout a century ago, researchers first recognized a connection between the activity of environmental microorganisms and cases. ![]() Since then, such microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) has gained prominence and its technical. Under anoxic conditions (e. SRB) are commonly considered the main culprits of MIC. This perception largely stems from three recurrent observations. Second, SRB and their characteristic. However, there remain many open questions. On the one hand, SRB damage iron constructions. CMIC). On the other hand, certain. ![]()
![]() SRB can also attack iron via withdrawal of electrons (“electrical microbially influenced corrosion”; EMIC), viz., directly by metabolic coupling. Corrosion of iron by SRB is typically associated with the formation of iron sulfides (Fe. S). which, paradoxically, may reduce corrosion in some cases while they increase it in others. This brief review traces the historical. SRB- induced corrosion, considering the presently most plausible explanations as well as possible. Today, iron is used in much larger quantities than any other metallic. A major drawback is the susceptibility of iron. Corrosion of iron and other metals causes enormous economic damage. Across all industrial sectors, the inferred. GDP) in developed countries. These costs are to a large extent caused by corrosion of iron, due to its abundant use and particular susceptibility to. Estimates of the costs attributable to biocorrosion of iron lack a computed basis so that they vary widely. Asm Metals Handbook Vol 14 De ImperioStill, microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) probably accounts for a. However, these measures. Alloying of iron with more active metals such as chromium, nickel, and molybdenum, on the other hand, yields stainless. Still, large- scale application of stainless steels is economically not achievable to. As a result, corrosion- prone carbon steel (typically . In contrast to redox reactions of nonmetals, it is not. Spatial separation. Central to iron corrosion is the high tendency of the metal to give off electrons according. Eo is the revised standard potential (1. Hydrated ferrous ions move into solution only as long as electrons, which cannot enter the aqueous phase, are removed from. The most common reactant in iron corrosion is molecular oxygen (E. Here, the cathodic reaction consisting of proton reduction to molecular hydrogen occurs as follows. Owing to the condition of electroneutrality, the anodic and cathodic half- reactions are stoichiometrically coupled, which. Ferrous iron from equation 3 readily precipitates in most anoxic environments (e. Fe. CO3) such that the activity a of Fe. However, reaction 2 is “kinetically impeded” (1. H > 6, where proton availability is limiting (1. Hence, iron corrosion is technically insignificant in the absence of oxygen or acid and iron constructions in many anoxic. This is particularly true in environments with little or no oxygen and p. H > 6, i. e., where, from a purely chemical. In technology, the phenomenon is referred to as (anaerobic) microbially influenced. MIC) or anaerobic biocorrosion. Figure 1 depicts a common example of MIC, viz., external corrosion under the disbonded coating of an iron pipeline in anoxic, sulfate- containing soil. Ebook3000.com is the best free ebooks download library. It's the open directory for free ebooks and download links, and the best place to read ebooks and search free. Inflammabilité et explosibilité 6 14 21. Mise à jour : 2005-02-03. Le béryllium métallique sous forme compacte est un solide non combustible. Numerous ways by. Microbial corrosion in oxic environments, for instance, typically originates from localized colonization and microbial. O2 consumption at iron surfaces which can trigger preferential material loss at these sites (“pitting”; 2. Additionally, dissolution of protective rust deposits by aerobic iron- oxidizing microorganisms can influence corrosion. Under anoxic conditions or in systems with only temporary O2 ingress, microbial corrosion tends to be even more pronounced. Here, corrosion results from microbial metabolic products. In addition to these indirect effects, more- direct interactions between certain microorganisms and iron have been demonstrated. External corrosion has occurred under. Disbonded asphalt coating and corrosion. Fe. S/Fe. CO3) were removed. Numbers indicate pit depth in millimeters. Still, the physiological group of environmental microorganisms with a suggested. SRB (5, 6, 5. 0, 5. SRB gain energy for growth by reduction. The suggested key function of SRB in biocorrosion is principally grounded on the following three observations. First, iron. in anoxic environments containing sulfate, i. SRB, is particularly prone to microbial corrosion. Fig. Second, SRB, or their characteristic corrosion product Fe. S, are ubiquitously found on anaerobically corroded iron (5. Third, with corrosion rates of up to 0. Fe. 0 year. Hence, field data strongly suggest a prominent role of SRB in. We then comment. on the issue of how SRB phylogeny relates to corrosion and finally discuss in detail the respective mechanisms that are currently. In. 1. 91. 0, Gaines reported the analysis of sulfur- rich corrosion products from anaerobically corroded iron constructions and hypothesized. However, it was the work of von Wolzogen K. Those authors proposed a purely lithotrophic microbial process, with iron as the only source of reducing equivalents. They. attributed microbial corrosion to a prominent physiological trait, the utilization of cathodic hydrogen (equation 3) as the sole electron donor by SRB (3. The mechanistic explanation became famous as the (classical) “cathodic depolarization theory.” Much controversy followed. Most authors initially favored the theory (6, 6. H2 scavenging would accelerate corrosion (6. With the beginning of the 1. Indeed, there seemed a connection between the ability of bacterial cultures to consume cathodic hydrogen and the stimulation. However, despite the original lithotrophy- based concept of. Wolzogen K. This greatly complicated the evaluation of obtained data. Costello (1. 97. 4) convincingly demonstrated. The previously. observed acceleration of cathodic reactions in SRB cultures (6. H2. Since then, occasional attempts to resurrect the theory have been made (3. It should be stressed at this point that the study of a direct corrosive effect of SRB requires the use of essentially. H2. S. H2. S is known to rapidly react with metallic iron . Interestingly, sustained corrosion by iron sulfides required the presence of active populations of SRB. The exact mechanisms. It is generally agreed that such thin iron sulfide layers are among. Apparently, sulfate reduction by these peculiar strains was directly fuelled by bacterial consumption of iron- derived electrons. In fact, while even the most efficient hydrogen- utilizing. SRB did not accelerate iron corrosion compared to sterile tests when grown in organic matter- free (lithotrophic) cultures. The existence of such a direct mechanism of electron uptake had previously been considered by some investigators (5. Recently, the process was able to be. EMIC) was proposed (1. EMIC, which is fundamentally different from the corrosive effects of biogenic H2. S, can destroy metallic structures at rates of high technological relevance (Fig. Both incubations were performed in artificial. H 7. 3 and without addition of organic substrates (lithotrophic medium). Hexamine- HCl did not dissolve Fe. Corrosion is much. Hexamine- HCl did not dissolve. Fe. 0. In conclusion. SRB act as either direct or indirect catalysts of anaerobic iron corrosion (EMIC and CMIC, respectively) and there are species- specific. PHYLOGENETIC DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DIRECT CORROSION BY SRBSulfate- reducing bacteria are found in five phylogenetic lineages, with most isolated strains being organotrophic mesophilic. Deltaproteobacteria (5. Additionally, certain Archaea exhibit a sulfate- reducing metabolism (8. Archaeoglobus fulgidus may well contribute to corrosion in oil- and gas- producing facilities, particularly under conditions too hot to allow growth. Two of the isolates, Desulfovibrio ferrophilus and Desulfopila corrodens, have been key in the recent investigations of this new type of microbe- metal interaction (1. Such strains have probably evaded earlier discovery as they are rapidly outcompeted by “conventional” organotrophic SRB. It should be emphasized in this context that many of the commonly studied organotrophic SRB do not show the capability. EMIC mechanism (1. Figure 3 contains a compilation of 1. Curiously, there are only a few reports on organic matter- free. Still, attempts to enrich for directly corrosive SRB with iron as the only electron donor have consistently proven successful. North Sea, Singapore. Vietnam (3. 9, 4. The tree shows SRB isolates capable of direct electron uptake (EMIC; orange and . Other SRB (black) were not tested on Fe. All depicted SRB corrode iron via the CMIC mechanism in the presence of suitable electron donors and sulfate. The tree does. not include all cultivated SRB. I, Desulfobulbaceae; II, Desulfobacteraceae; III, Desulfovibrionaceae. The tree was calculated based on maximum likelihood with the ARB software package and SILVA database (1. Branching with bootstrap values below 7. The scale bar represents a 1. The figure was adapted from Enning (2. Methanobacterium- like strain IM1 (3. Methanococcus maripaludis strain KA1 (4. We expect the number of sulfate- reducing and methanogenic isolates with the. EMIC to grow significantly if more researchers embrace the concept of lithotrophic cultivation. Likewise. there is presently no information as to whether this is a genetically fixed trait or whether conventional hydrogenotrophic. SRB can also adapt to iron utilization when exposed to it over long periods of time (1. It is assumed that direct electron uptake from iron involves outer membrane redox proteins such as c- type cytochromes (3. This is certainly an exciting area for future research with possible synergies with other topics in the developing scientific. Generally, microbial uptake of electrons from extracellular surfaces is a widespread and ecologically significant process. In the context of microbial corrosion, it is particularly interesting to question the evolutionary roots and ecological. Post- transition metal - Wikipedia. Post- transition metals in the periodic table Elements classified as post- transition metals by Masterton, Hurley and Neth. Usually included in this category are gallium, indium and thallium; tin and lead; and bismuth. Which elements are counted as post- transition metals depends, in periodic table terms, on where the transition metals are taken to end and where the metalloids or non- metals are taken to start. Physically, post- transition metals are soft (or brittle), have poor mechanical strength, and have melting points lower than those of the transition metals. Being close to the metal- nonmetal border, their crystalline structures tend to show covalent or directional bonding effects, having generally greater complexity or fewer nearest neighbours than other metallic elements. Chemically, they are characterised—to varying degrees—by covalent bonding tendencies, acid- base amphoterism and the formation of anionic species such as aluminates, stannates, and bismuthates (in the case of aluminium, tin, and bismuth, respectively). They can also form Zintl phases (half- metallic compounds formed between highly electropositive metals and moderately electronegative metals or metalloids). The expression 'post- transition metals' is used here as there is no IUPAC- approved collective name for these metals. Occasionally, some or all of them have instead been referred to as B- subgroup metals, other metals, or p- block metals; and by at least eleven other alternative labels. All these labels are surveyed later in this article. Applicable elements. Elements categorised by some authors as post- transition metals are distinguished by their relatively high electronegativity values and relatively low melting points. High electronegativity corresponds to increasing nonmetallic character. Starting from the bottom left, and proceeding clockwise, the alkali metals are followed by the heavier alkaline earth metals; the rare earths and actinides (Sc, Y and the lanthanides being here treated as rare earths); transition metals with intermediate electronegativity values and melting points; the refractory metals; the platinum group metals; and the coinage metals leading and forming a part of the post- transition metals. This separation extends to other differences in physical and chemical behaviour between the light and heavier alkaline earth metals. Other elements sometimes included are copper, silver and gold (which are usually considered to be transition metals); zinc, cadmium and mercury (which are otherwise considered to be transition metals); and aluminium, germanium, arsenic and antimony (the latter three of which are usually considered to be metalloids). Astatine, which is usually classified as a nonmetal or a metalloid, has been predicted to have a metallic crystalline structure. If so, it would be a post- transition metal. Elements 1. 12–1. Which elements start to be counted as post- transition metals depends, in periodic table terms, on where the transition metals are taken to end. A survey of chemistry books in 2. Boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium are commonly recognised as metalloids; other authors treat some or all of these elements as nonmetals. Rationale. The reductions in atomic size due to the interjection of the d- and f- blocks are referred to as, respectively, the 'scandide' or 'd- block contraction'. An early usage is recorded by Deming, in 1. He referred to the ensuing elements in periods 4 to 6 of the periodic table (copper to germanium; silver to antimony; gold to polonium)—in view of their underlying d. Descriptive chemistry. For complete profiles, including history, production, specific uses, and biological roles and precautions, see the main article for each element. Abbreviations: MH—Mohs hardness; BCN—bulk coordination number. Physically, they have the relatively low melting points and high electronegativity values associated with post- transition metals. Transition metals to the left of group 1. Stable compounds in which copper is in its less preferred oxidation state of +1 (Cu. O, Cu. Cl, Cu. Br, Cu. I and Cu. CN, for example) have significant covalent character. Many zinc compounds are markedly covalent in character. The halides of cadmium, with the exception of the fluoride, exhibit a substantially covalent nature. It has the weakest metallic bonding of all, as indicated by its bonding energy (6. J/mol) and melting point (. It has a well shielded . The small radius of the aluminium ion combined with its high charge make it a strongly polarizing species, prone to covalency. Its strength is halved at 2. This transformation causes ordinary tin to crumble and disintegrate since, as well as being brittle, grey tin occupies more volume due to having a less efficient crystalline packing structure. Tin forms Zintl phases such as Na. Sn, Ba. Sn, K8. Sn. Ca. 31. Sn. 20. Pure tin has no structural uses. It is commonly regarded as a metalloid, or by some other authors as either a metal or a non- metal. It exhibits poor electrical conductivity which, like a metal, decreases with temperature. It has a relatively open and partially covalent crystalline structure (BCN 3+3). Arsenic forms covalent bonds with most other elements. The oxide in its preferred oxidation state (As. O3, +3) is amphoteric. Arsenic forms a series of anionic arsenates such as Na. As. O3 and Pb. HAs. O4, and Zintl phases such as Na. As, Ca. 2As and Sr. As. 3. Antimony is a soft (MH 3. It is commonly regarded as a metalloid, or by some other authors as either a metal or a non- metal. It exhibits poor electrical conductivity which, like a metal, decreases with temperature. It has a relatively open and partially covalent crystalline structure (BCN 3+3). Antimony forms covalent bonds with most other elements. The oxide in its preferred oxidation state (Sb. O3, +3) is amphoteric. Antimony forms a series of anionic antimonites and antimonates such as Na. Sb. O2 and Al. Sb. O4, and Zintl phases such as K5. Sb. 4, Sr. 2Sb. 3 and Ba. Sb. 3. Bismuth is a soft metal (MH 2. Such a structure ordinarily results in very low ductility and fracture resistance. Unlike its lighter congener iodine, evidence for diatomic astatine is sparse and inconclusive. Astatine oxyanions At. O. Practically, the group 1. B- subgroup metals depending on if the transition metals are taken to end at group 1. The 'B' nomenclature (as in Groups IB, IIB, and so on) was superseded in 1. In their +1 compounds (the stable state for silver; less so for copper). In their +2 and +3 states their chemistry is typical of transition metal compounds. Gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, and tin are specifically mentioned in this context. The group 1. 2 metals are also noted as having slightly distorted structures; this has been interpreted as evidence of weak directional (i. These metals behave chemically more like the metalloids, particularly with respect to anionic species formation. The nine chemically weak metals identified by them are beryllium, aluminium, zinc, gallium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, and polonium. Nearly 1. 00 years earlier, Louis (1. Britton, Abbatiello and Robins. The Sargent- Welch Chart of the Elements groups the metals into: light metals, the lanthanide series; the actinide series; heavy metals (brittle); heavy metals (ductile); and heavy metals (low melting point): Zn, Cd, Hg, . They are ductile elements but, compared to their metallic periodic table neighbours to the left, have lower melting points, relatively low electrical and thermal conductivities, and show distortions from close- packed forms. The ordinary metals have lower melting points and cohesive energies than those of the transition metals. He adds that, 'in reality most of the metals that people think of as ordinary are in fact transition metals..'. Other metals. Usually, this includes aluminium, gallium, indium and thallium; tin and lead; and bismuth. Germanium, antimony and polonium are sometimes also included, although the first two are commonly recognised as metalloids. The p- block metals tend to have structures that display low coordination numbers and directional bonding. Pronounced covalency is found in their compounds; the majority of their oxides are amphoteric. The peculiar metals occur towards the ends of the rows of the periodic table and include 'approximately: ' gallium, indium, and thallium; carbon, silicon '(both of which have some metallic properties, though we have previously treated them as nonmetals),' germanium and tin; arsenic, antimony, and bismuth; and selenium '(which is partly metallic)' and tellurium. The ordinary metals have centro- symmetrical crystalline structures. More recently, Joshua observed that the peculiar metals have mixed metallic- covalent bonding. These metals fall in a triangular block of the periodic table to the right of the transition metals. They are usually low in the activity (electrochemical) series and they have some resemblances to non- metals.' Reid et al. Examples include gallium. The elements commonly recognised as metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium. In old chemistry, before the publication in 1. Lavoisier's 'revolutionary'. These metals all have melting points below 4. The heavier elements are poor conductors and are too weak and reactive for structural use. These elements are also commonly referred to as the transition elements, though the elements of group 1. Depending on the inclusion of group 1. A second IUPAC definition for transition metals states . Of relevance is the synthesis of mercury(IV) fluoride, which seemingly establishes mercury as a transition metal. This conclusion has been challenged by Jensen. Copernicium has been predicted to have (a) an electron configuration similar to that of mercury; and (b) a predominance of its chemistry in the +4 state, and on that basis would be regarded as a transition metal. However, in recent years, doubt has been cast on the synthesis of Hg. ![]() The best legal defense to California methamphetamine possession will depend on the facts of your case. However, common defenses to HS 11377 California methamphetamine. California Criminal Convictions & Social Worker Discipline / Licenses. You have devoted your career to assisting others. You help people dealing with difficult circumstances and difficult relationships. You might be reading this because you find yourself in just such a circumstance, for sustaining a criminal conviction. If you're a social worker or marriage therapist in California, you can have your license suspended or revoked because of a criminal conviction. Just as you've said to others, we say to you: . Conducting legal research, using FindLaw resources, the court system and judges, legal procedure. Canada Temporary Resident Permit. Any person wishing to visit Canada needs to meet all the requirements of Canadian Immigration Law before he or she will be permitted. Martinsburg Callahan Counseling Services Phone: 304-886-4118 Fax: 304-579-8606 1020 Winchester Avenue PO BOX 1074 Martinsburg, WV 25401 Callahan@. Arrested in Sonoma County for a DUI? Here's why you should get help from a DUI lawyer to deal with the Sonoma County Courts & DMV: You're about to face the District. If you have questions after reading it, we invite you to contact us for a consultation. This article covers: (Click on a title to proceed directly to that section)1. Who regulates social workers and marriage therapists? California has an extensive regulatory structure. A myriad of agencies regulate professions ranging from dentists (Dental Board of California) to harbor pilots (Board of Pilot Commissioners) to guide dog instructors (Board of Guide Dogs for the Blind), to name just a few. Clinical social workers and family therapists are licensed and regulated by the Board of Behavioral Sciences, an agency within the consumer protection- oriented California Department of Consumer Affairs. These professionals play an important role in society. Take a look at what the law says about marriage and family therapists: Many California families and many individual Californians are experiencing difficulty and distress, and are in need of wise, competent, caring, compassionate, and effective counseling in order to enable them to improve and maintain healthy family relationships. Healthy individuals and healthy families and healthy relationships are inherently beneficial and crucial to a healthy society, and are our most precious and valuable natural resource. Marriage and family therapists provide a crucial support for the well- being of the people and the State of California. The California Board of Behavioral Sciences regulates marriage therapists and social workers to help ensure vulnerable people are not jeopardized or exploited in their time of need. The Board can discipline a licensee for suffering a criminal conviction. To this end, the Board requires applicants to disclose criminal convictions and submit fingerprint data for criminal background checks. What does the Board mean by . It must be a conviction that is . Will I have any defenses? Here are some defenses you might have in your discipline case: conviction is not substantially relatedthe Board took too long to actyou have been rehabilitated. Not substantially related. We've already discussed how convictions must be . So one defense you might have is that the conviction at issue isn't related to being a social worker of family therapist. Statute of limitations. You might also have a statute of limitations defense. For certain kinds of cases, the Board can't just wait forever to file its charges against you. There are exceptions, of course, but generally speaking the Board must take action within three years of the date the Board discovers the conviction, or, if sooner, within seven years from the date on which the conviction occurred. Rehabilitation. You wouldn't have chosen to be a social worker or family therapist if you didn't believe that people can change. Well, the law has the same point of view when it comes to professional discipline. When evaluating whether and how to discipline a licensee based on a criminal conviction, the California Board of Behavioral Sciences is required to look at evidence of rehabilitation. If you have an unfortunate spot on your record but have conscientiously worked to overcome the underlying problem the conviction represents, the Board should take notice. You will help your case if you comply with the terms of your probation, get your conviction expunged and attempt to correct false statements. Let's look at an example involving a marriage and family therapist intern (IMF). Example: A woman licensed as a family therapist intern had an altercation with the police at her home in a high- crime, gang- entrenched California neighborhood. The cops came to her home in search of her son, who was wanted on a weapons- related charge. The woman felt the police were using excessive force on her son and she attempted to stop them. She was arrested and convicted of Penal Code 1. The IMF had a few other alcohol- related convictions in her past but to her credit she was . The Board initiated disciplinary proceedings based on the convictions. But - within the bounds of the law - this single mother of three decided to fight for her license. She represented herself at a hearing before an administrative law judge and luckily, the judge listened. The judge acknowledged her efforts to craft a worthy career helping others in the face of significant adversity, limited finances and family responsibilities. Instead of getting her license revoked, she received probation and the chance to continue her valuable counseling work. How can I fight for my license? It's not all over and done with just because you receive an accusation or statement of issues from the Board. You can fight for your license. Things might not turn out perfectly, but they might end up better than expected. While we recommend that you consult an attorney, you do not need a lawyer to contest disciplinary charges. But we stress that you must act very quickly to preserve your right to a hearing. If you opt for a hearing, you (or you and your attorney) will make your case before an administrative law judge. A lawyer from the California Attorney General's Office will represent the Board. The judge will evaluate the evidence and testimony and issue a proposed decision to the Board, which can either accept or reject the administrative law judge's decision. If things don't go your way in the hearing, you can file an appeal to the state trial court in the form of a writ of administrative mandamus. You can read more about the hearing process in our related article Administrative Hearings. We also have a wide array of articles on common California crimes (from . We can provide a free consultation in office or by phone. We have local offices in Los Angeles, the San Fernando Valley, Pasadena, Long Beach, Orange County, Ventura, San Bernardino, Rancho Cucamonga, Riverside, San Diego, Sacramento, Oakland, San Francisco, San Jose and throughout California. You might also be interested in reading our related articles on Nurse License Revocation, Dentist License Revocation and Pharmacist License Revocation. Helpful links: Board of Behavioral Sciences. California Office of Administrative hearings. References: 1. Our California Criminal Defense Lawyers have local offices in Beverly Hills, Burbank, Glendale, Lancaster, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Pasadena, Pomona, San Diego, San Francisco, Torrance, Van Nuys, West Covina, and Whittier. The Board also licenses educational psychologists and regulates marriage and family therapist interns, associate clinical social workers, and continuing education providers. See California Business and Professions Code Section 4. California Code of Regulations Title 1. Division 1. 8 (Board of Behavioral Sciences). As to DENIALS, California Business and Professions Code Section 4. A conviction within the meaning of this section means a plea or verdict of guilty or a conviction following a plea of nolo contendere. Any action that a board is permitted to take following the establishment of a conviction may be taken when the time for appeal has elapsed, or the judgment of conviction has been affirmed on appeal, or when an order granting probation is made suspending the imposition of sentence, irrespective of a subsequent order under the provisions of Section 1. Penal Code. As to SUSPENSIONS AND REVOCATIONS, California Business and Professions Code Section 4. Any action that a board is permitted to take following the establishment of a conviction may be taken when the time for appeal has elapsed, or the judgment of conviction has been affirmed on appeal, or when an order granting probation is made suspending the imposition of sentence, irrespective of a subsequent order under the provisions of Section 1. Penal Code. Department of Real Estate (2. Cal. App. 4th 5. 54, and that the holding in that case has placed a significant number of statutes and regulations in question, resulting in potential harm to the consumers of California from licensees who have been convicted of crimes. Therefore, the Legislature finds and declares that this section establishes an independent basis for a board to impose discipline upon a licensee, and that the amendments to this section made by Senate Bill 7. Regular Session do not constitute a change to, but rather are declaratory of, existing law. Unprofessional conduct includes, but is not limited to, the following: (a) The conviction of a crime substantially related to the qualifications, functions, or duties of a licensee or registrant under this chapter. The record of conviction shall be conclusive evidence only of the fact that the conviction occurred. The board may inquire into the circumstances surrounding the commission of the crime in order to fix the degree of discipline or to determine if the conviction is substantially related to the qualifications, functions, or duties of a licensee or registrant under this chapter. A plea or verdict of guilty or a conviction following a plea of nolo contendere made to a charge substantially related to the qualifications, functions, or duties of a licensee or registrant under this chapter shall be deemed to be a conviction within the meaning of this section. 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PS3 Game Updates v. Download - (PS3, Tools and Utilities) - Brewology - PS3 PSP WII XBOX. While it's evidently not ready for public consumption just yet, the video after the break does do a adequate job of showing that it does, in fact, work as promised. Waninkoko does have a demonstrated track record, and it appears that nearly all of the folks on the homebrew BBS have little reason to be disbelieving. Waninkoko has published a new variant of his USB Loader which was just published yesterday. Here teneis the video: To read more To comment in the forum To send to a friend Firmware Updater 4. Waninkoko) Description: This application program allows for you to update firmware of your console installing only the necessary applications for it (IOS, System Menu, channels. Thanks to it certain characteristics like bug can be maintained Trout that it affects the first versions of IOS. Mass memory device. What's New?* No more bug of the free space (which branded a great wrong in devices), plus display you the size of the games.* As well appended a possible fix for any games that might not work.* The. Mario Kart 8 Deluxe: Critical Consensus Switch software lineup gets a turbo boost with Nintendo racer's victory lap. Mario Kart DS is a racing game, in which the player races in a kart against other racers as one of eight characters, each with three karts to choose from.
![]() Mario Kart 8 Deluxe review: The definitive kart racer. Available on Nintendo Switch. I’ve loved Mario Kart for over 2. I’ve had to buy it twice. One to play on the home console, and another for the portable to enjoy on school lunch breaks and work commutes. Now, thanks to the beauty of the Nintendo Switch, I can take the one Mario Kart game everywhere, as well as play it on my TV, making it an all- in- one experience. Thankfully, Nintendo has brought the definitive Mario Kart to the Switch with Mario Kart 8 Deluxe. Buy Mario Kart 8 Deluxe now from Amazon UK . Even I fell foul to early skepticism, wondering if there would be enough on offer to justify purchasing the game again. But combining the pinnacle of the Mario Kart series with the dynamism of Nintendo’s latest console is a match made in heaven. Related: Where's Cheapest to Buy Mario Kart 8 Deluxe? For those unfamiliar, Mario Kart 8 Deluxe bundles all the content released for the Wii U version into one box, as well as including some new Switch- exclusive content. That means you get 4. Mii), 4. 8 Grand Prix tracks, more kart customisations than you can shake a stick at, and the return of the iconic Battle Mode. With all of this content, there’s literally dozens of hours of gameplay right from the get- go, and it doesn’t matter if you’ve been playing Mario Kart since you were a child, or this is your first time with the series; Nintendo has catered this game to work just for you. ![]() ![]() For the new player, there are three brand- new control assists which can be accessed when selecting characters or at any time in the pause menu. It’s a great assist for kids, especially when coupled with the new 'auto- accelerate' which means players can focus purely on hitting their fellow drivers with all the whacky items the series is known for. Related: Splatoon 2 preview. ![]() For experienced players, we have the return of the 2. There’s also a new third tier of boosting when drifting around corners, meaning time trials will get a needed injection of pace and a reason to go back and beat previous times. And finally you can now carry two items at once, adding a greater tactical element. Then, of course, we have the Battle Mode. Completely absent from the original MK8, it makes a welcome return to the series and is at its absolute best. Featuring five modes – Balloon Battle, Bob- omb Blast, Shine Runners, Coin Thief and Renegade Roundup – each is incredible fun to play across the eight well- designed dedicated battle courses. Even on the Switch's screen in tabletop mode it's easy to keep track of what's going on amongst all the chaos, thanks to a handy map and the game's super vibrant colours. It’s hard to sing the praises of Mario Kart 8 Deluxe without also once again swooning over the Nintendo Switch, as many of the reasons I love this game go hand- in- hand with the device I’m playing it on. The fact that I can take this console from the TV mid- cup and begin playing it on the console, on a gorgeous- looking screen, is amazing. It puts the whole “7. Mario Kart 8 running on it. This is without mentioning the versatility of how this game can be played. I’ve played it on the TV using both Joy- Con, or split the controllers so me and my fianc. You can even set up LAN tournaments like the good old days, except you don’t have to drag a giant PC around. Related: Best Nintendo Switch Games. Amid all my time with the game, a single blemish has marked the experience. ![]() When playing with three or more players in local splitscreen, the framerate gets cut in half to 3. FPS. This is similar to what happened on the Wii U version of the game, but seeing the drop from 6. But the problem is so infrequent, it’s hard to hold it against the game too much, especially when online is so easy to set up and play. Jumping into matches of Battle Mode or racing is an absolute doddle, and I can even set up tournaments with my friends. In my pre- release multiplayer matches, games ran smoothly with no lag whatsoever. I’ve spent most of my time collecting cups and shaving seconds off my best time trials, and loved every second of it. Even after spending so many hours playing the Wii U version, I still can’t put Mario Kart 8 Deluxe down. Verdict. After Breath of the Wild, Mario Kart 8 Deluxe is the next Nintendo Switch must- buy. It’s the best the series has ever been, offering one definitive package. With the glorious return of Battle Mode, improved visuals and more content than ever before coupled with more ways to play it than ever thanks to the Nintendo Switch, I don’t think fans could ask for much more. Mario Kart 8 Deluxe for Nintendo Switch. Hit the road with the definitive version of Mario Kart 8 and play anytime, anywhere! Play locally in up to 4- player multiplayer in 1. TV Mode. Every track from the Wii U version, including DLC, makes a. Plus, the Inklings appear as all- new guest characters, along with. King Boo, Dry Bones, and Bowser Jr.! Nintendo Switch Pro Controller and Joy- Con Wheel accessory sold separately. Mario Kart 8 is a 2014 Crossover kart racing game and the eighth major installment in the Mario Kart series, developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii U video. Certain truths are fundamental. In the same way we know that the sky is blue, we also know that running into a shimmering question mark while driving a souped up go. Mario Kart 8 Deluxe is a victory lap for an amazing entry in the series. The only place Mario Kart 8 faltered was in its Battle Mode and Nintendo has rectified that.
Remote Sensing is a powerful tool wthat can enable detailed land analysis on a large scale and be used for environmental monitoring at regional and/or country level. Information extracted from satellite images are essential for informed land planning, consistent natural resources assessment, disaster early warning and management, and other tasks. Interviews archive at Tadias Magazine Physician and author Abraham Verghese. From fascinating social and political portraits of Ethiopia in upheaval, Cutting for Stone zooms into a territory where few have gone before: the drama of the operating theater and the mysteries inside the human body. There can be no doubt that this novel is the work of a seasoned writer who has led many lives in many places. Verghese has dipped heavily into his own life for furnishing the material for his writing. BGRI%2013%Technical%Workshop Read vendors.pdf text version. United Nations Office of Central Support Services Procurement Service. List of Registered Vendors by Country of Origin. SOSUS, an acronym for sound surveillance system, is a chain of underwater listening posts located around the world in places such as the Atlantic Ocean near Greenland. Using other people’s research or ideas without giving them due credit is plagiarism. Ethiopian tour guide Firew Ayele. When Ethiopian Firew Ayele was nine years old, he was captured by. Later, in The Tennis Partner: A Story of Friendship and Loss, he described a beloved friend’s struggle with drug addiction, rendering a poetic, raw tribute to male friendships. In his latest book and first novel, Cutting for Stone, the protagonist is a young doctor, raised in Ethiopia, who seeks his fortune in America. Verghese’s own career as a physician in the United States has taken him from his grueling days as a foreign medical graduate (recounted in The New Yorker article, The Cowpath to America) to becoming the voice of empathetic medicine. As founding director of Center for Medical Humanities & Ethics at the University of Texas and in his current role as a senior professor at Stanford University, Dr. Verghese is a champion in the field of Medical Humanities. He is passionate about bedside medicine and physical examination and values the human element that these rituals bring to the facelessness of modern medicine. In an exclusive interview, Tadias Magazine spoke with Abraham Verghese about writing, medicine, the healthcare crisis, and how to lead double lives. Abraham Verghese (photo by Joanne Chan)Can you begin by telling us a bit about all the different places that are a part of you? My identification with place is complicated. Ethnically, I feel very much Indian. My parents are Indian and I feel very conscious of their legacy, But countrywise, I strongly identify with Ethiopia, having grown up there. And then of course, America is the place that welcomes everybody. So this is home unequivocally, and I am very proud to be American. So there are all these different threads that run through my life. I remember the passage in the book where Hema speaks of Addis as an evolving city whereas Madras seems to have finished evolving. Was that something that struck you as a primary difference between both places? Yes, when I went to India and lived in Madras, that was one of the things that struck me about the city. Traditions and ways of life were very established in Madras whereas so much was in transition in Addis. And then when I came to America, it was very different again. There’s a scene later in the book where Marion arrives in America and feels completely unprepared for the scale and scope of America. You also show how, even through its upheavals, Addis was a cosmopolitan city of the twentieth century. You help the reader picture the different peoples who had congregated in Addis. Can you give us a sense of your relationship with Addis? I don’t have any family in Addis but I do have friends there and I have strong connections to the medical world in Ethiopia. Also, the present Prime Minister of Ethiopia was a medical student one year behind me. When civil war broke out and the military took over the medical school, he became a guerilla fighter and I left. So I have been back twice – once to do an interview with him for a magazine and the other time for a medical symposium. Could you tell us something about your writing process? You must have drawn a lot on your memories of growing up in Ethiopia but it is also clear you did a lot of research on Ethiopian history and politics. I think the research happens in parallel with the writing. I was consciously trying to learn more about the Italian time in Ethiopia because it was a very colorful legacy. Every colonial power leaves their stamp on their country and we are very familiar with the English stamp on India or the French stamp on Cameroon but the Italian stamp on Ethiopia is not very well- known. So I spent a lot of time on that. But the research was in parallel with the writing because as I wrote I would stumble on something that I needed to know more about and so that would set me off in another direction. One of the great joys of research is that you find unexpected things in unexpected places. You are looking for one article but you find another right next to it that leads you to include something you might never have otherwise written about. There’s a lot of serendipity. Elsewhere you talked about the incremental method of writing in which you write a little bit everyday. I think I was talking about the incremental method of doing anything. If you do a little of something every day, you gradually get better at it. Instead of finding great blocks of time, you just have to find a little time every day. So do you have a daily writing practice? Not really. I write whenever I can and sometimes it winds up being everyday for several days at a stretch of time but sometimes I cannot get to it every day. I also heard that you have a room on the campus, something like a secret bunker, where you can go and write. Tell me it is true and not a legend. No, it is true. When I took this position I negotiated for a second office, separate from the student- related, that I could disappear into. And you also negotiated two days a week to write. Well, everybody here has protected time to do their research and so during my protected time, instead of going to a lab and doing experiments, I go to my lab and conduct my kind of experiments. In fiction, nonfiction. In any kind of writing, really. How important is it as a writer to have a place for writing? I actually don’t think it is very important. I think people make much too much of having a place and how it has to be just right. I can actually write anywhere and often do. The most important thing when you are trying to write is to simply sit down and try to write, it doesn’t matter where. If you are waiting for the right environment before you can write, then you are probably not prepared to write. What would you say is the unlikeliest place that you have written in?(Laughs) Probably airports. Everyone’s waiting to take off and frustrated that we are late or whatever and I am barely aware that anything is going on. Pico Iyer talks about airports as the ultimate postmodern metropolis. He probably gets a lot of writing done in airports as well. I am not surprised. He travels a whole lot more than I do. In fact, in his book Global Soul, he talks about a new generation of transnationals who belong to so many cultures that they belong to nowhere. He calls them Nowherians, or fulltime citizens of nowhere. Do you think you are a global soul? I feel I am not completely a global soul. I have sequential interactions with different countries and even within the US, I have steadily migrated from Tennessee to Iowa to Texas to California now. I hope this is the last stop. I hope I am not destined to go to Guam and Hawaii! But even when our migrations are sequential, our memories are not, right? They are seamless and overlapping and the only constant is you. You are the only one linking the different places. There is that beautiful passage in the book where you talk about how listening to Tizita takes the narrator right back to Ethiopia, whether he is in Adams Morgan or in Khartoum. Yes, music is so mysterious that way in its connection to the brain and its ability to transform us. We all probably have a song that can transport us back to a different part of our life. And it is very difficult to make that song come alive for someone else us. I could not bring the song to the reader but I could try to bring that sense of identification, the nostalgia that it evoked. And of course, that song . I worried a great deal about whether I could pull it off. But we all have our tizitas, our songs of some kind. To get back to the subject of medicine and writing. You speak in this book as well as in interviews about the ritual of examining the patient. Examining the patient is a lot like reading, isn’t it, with the patient as the text? Yes, but it’s also much more than that. At one level the patient is a text to decode, a mystery to unravel, and that is certainly important, it’s the most attractive part of being a diagnostician. But this is not a natural relationship, between the doctor and the patient. In fact, it is terribly unnatural. They are coming to you because they are in some sort of distress and you are meeting them because you have made this career choice to help people and so it’s a very strange relationship and even though it seems routine, there is nothing routine about it. Its’ really quite loaded. So after you meet them and decode the text, you are, by your presence, by your engagement, providing the kind of comfort no one else can provide. The analogy I use is “when you are drowning, the only person who can save you is someone who knows how to swim”. I find it terribly important to be conscious of that dynamic, even if the patient is not. Somebody else once described this by saying “one of our roles is to save the patient from their nihilistic tendencies.” A sick individual’s instinct is taking him or her towards nihilism, to imagine that the world is cruel, that there is nothing worth living for, and the doctor’s job is to counter that. Have there been other writers who write about medicine whom you count among your influences? There are a lot of writers who write well about the business of medicine. Atul Gawande for instance. And I have always admired that kind of writing. I guess that’s my bias. If I manage to get you to enter the world of the novel and completely forget your everyday life, you don’t just find out about medicine, you live medicine. You live it through Hema, you live it through Ghosh, through Marion, and you come out at the other end and its 2. So I am drawn to those fictional narratives, not necessarily written by physicians, but which convey medicine in a convincing and inspiring way. AP Students - AP Courses and Exams for Students. YOUR 2. 01. 7 AP SCORES WILL BE ONLINE IN JULYIf you don’t have an account, create one. If you do, but have forgotten your username, use your email to recover it. If you have forgotten your password, reset it. 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Read our travel tips and find out about Capetown tourist attractions, what to do and see when in Cape Town South Africa. Accommodation in Southern Africa, Sleeping-OUT, South African Hotels, Resorts, Villas, Guest Houses, Apartments, Self Catering and Bed & Breakfast accommodation in. South African Holidays guide to South Africa travel information. Self drive routes, city information, arts, culture, accommodation, travel tips and visitor information. Their rock art can still be found in many places throughout South Africa. It is estimated that Bantu tribes may have started to slowly expand into the northernmost areas of what is today Southern Africa around 2,5. AD the different cultural groups had been established in the lush areas to the north and east of the what is today known as Eastern South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The desert and semi- desert areas of the Western and Northern Cape provinces, as well as the western parts of the Eastern Cape province remained unsettled by the Bantu as the arid climate, limited seasonal rainfall, sparse vegetation and scarcity of natural sources of water could not sustain large migrations of people and herds of cattle, cattle being the primary livestock reared by the Bantu and fulfilling numerous cultural and economic functions within the tribal society (cattle served as a rudimentary currency and basic unit of exchange with a mutually agreeable value between bartering parties, thus fulfilling the function of money). Today, with more reliable sources of water and modern methods of water conservancy the agricultural activity remains limited mainly to sheep and ostrich ranching as these animals are better suited to the sparse feed and limited water. Permanent European settlement was only built at Cape Town after the Dutch East India Company reached the Cape of Good Hope in April 1. In the late 1. 70. Boers (Dutch for farmers) slowly started expanding first eastward along the coastline and later upwards into the interior. By 1. 79. 5, Britain took control of the Cape, as a consequence of the Napoleonic wars on the Dutch, in 1. British settlers arrived in the region. In 1. 83. 5, large numbers of Boers started out on the Groot Trek (the great migration) into the interior after becoming dissatisfied with the British rule. In the interior, they established their own internationally recognized republics. Some Boers were initially able to get along with the locals (as with the Tswana) and in other areas Boers clashed badly with native populations (especially the Zulu). The Second Boer War (Afrikaans: Die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog or 'Second War of Independence') was particularly unpleasant, as the British administration contained the Boer civilian population in concentration camps. Thousands of Boer civilians died in the camps from starvation or disease. Boer farms, livestock, crops and homesteads were also largely destroyed. In 1. 96. 1, the Republic of South Africa was formed and SA exited the Commonwealth. Meanwhile, during the early 2. Afrikaner thinkers began to articulate a philosophy of white supremacy. This philosophy was given a theological foundation by the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa, which preached that there would be no equality in church or state. In addition, the NP sought to promote Afrikaner culture at the expense of English culture and either co- opted or marginalized English- speaking whites. Non- whites had to obtain special permission from whites to be present in white- only areas. Some existing districts (such as Sophiatown in Johannesburg and District Six in Cape Town) were either too prosperous or too racially integrated from the government's perspective; they were summarily re- designated as white- only and all non- white residents were summarily evicted. The NP's focus on anti- communist propaganda was particularly ironic, as South Africa under the NP ended up with a much higher level of state control of the economy than the vast majority of anti- communist countries. The technology of television was also banned and suppressed. It was reluctantly allowed into the country only after South Africa suffered the embarrassment of being one of the few countries where the November 1. It existed in a state of constant tension between those Afrikaners who envisioned most of the country completely purged of non- whites and those Afrikaners (particularly businessmen) who recognized that it would take decades, if not centuries, to either create enough white children or import enough white immigrants to provide a sufficiently large labour force which would make up for the eventual long- term expulsion of all non- whites from South Africa's cities. Those non- whites, then, had to put up with lengthy, miserable commutes on overcrowded trains and taxi vans into white- controlled areas (where their permission to remain could be revoked at any time) and work for wages that were a pittance compared to those available to similarly qualified white employees. The ANC managed to score a handful of legal victories during the 1. South African judiciary still had many fair- minded judges appointed by the previous United Party. An outnumbered police unit panicked and fired into a crowd of unarmed protesters at Sharpeville. As a result, the NP declared a state of emergency and used it as an excuse to tear up the remaining shreds of the rule of law in South Africa. ANC leadership correctly recognized that the ANC would soon be banned (along with all other anti- apartheid political organizations) and would no longer be able to openly operate within South Africa as a political organization. In 1. 96. 3, a police raid at a farm in Rivonia enabled the government to seize enough evidence to arrest and convict a large number of ANC and MK leaders (including Nelson Mandela) in 1. During that era, South Africa's white citizens enjoyed the fruits of strong economic growth and rapid infrastructure development in the form of the highest- quality lifestyle in Africa (that is, nearly equivalent to First World living standards), and were content to keep quiet and not ask too many questions. At the same time, the black majority's frustration with their miserable situation continued to build. South Africa's prisons were soon flooded with a new generation of BCM radicals. Ironically, BCM caused the government to shift to a more lenient approach towards the older generation of ANC- MK activists, because it had its hands full with suppressing BCM activists. Thus, the international community belatedly began to turn against South Africa, by implementing strict weapons and trade embargoes. South Africa was banned from the Olympic Games and most other international sporting competitions. Many international celebrities, such as Bruce Springsteen, noisily boycotted South Africa, composed protest songs attacking South Africa, and harshly criticized any performer or athlete who was willing to perform or play in South Africa. International sanctions and internal strife were beginning to take a severe toll on South Africa. On the ANC side, black moderates had already long recognized that taking revenge by expelling all whites from South Africa was neither just nor wise. The actual process began with the freeing of political prisoners in 1. The freeing of Nelson Mandela from Victor Verster Prison near Cape Town on 1. February 1. 99. 0 was covered live on television around the world. Thousands of people were murdered in riots or terrorist attacks. A few days later, the assassination of popular political activist Chris Hani on 1. April 1. 99. 3 threatened to push South Africa to the brink of civil war. Former political prisoner Nelson Mandela was selected as the country's first democratically elected president. The ANC won a 6. 3% majority and proceeded to form a Government of National Unity with the NP. The ANC solidified its control over the electorate in subsequent years. The National Party subsequently withered away; its remnants joined with other opposition parties to form the current opposition, the Democratic Alliance. Some of them are still being changed today. These changes can sometimes lead to confusion as many of the new names are not yet well known. For example, under the new policy, Johannesburg International Airport became O. |
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